* * PASTURES**

No less than the building, the fence has shaped the surrounding view, especially in open places and close to water. A wall in the forest called "osiek," in the field it was "ogorod" or "wall," around the house was the palisades.
"Osiek" in the forest, together with a bridge, a glade and a road, animate the landscape, complementing the natural hills, streams, large stones, and hay meadows. In the summer, the peasants never herded cattle into the fields. For this purpose, they shielded large areas of forest. "Osiek" didn't let cows wander far; the shepherd by the bell's sound always knew where the herd was.
Sometimes the villagers put additional fences for two or three small pastures, so-called "suburbs." The entrances and driveways in the fields and pastures were carried out with "elbows" and gates.
 If an absent-minded person or even an evil man does not close the gates or doesn't do it properly, the horses could immediately go into the woods. There were times when people were looking for them for weeks afterward. It could be even worse if a herd of cows hits grain fields. Therefore, fencing, gates and challenges are maintained in good repair.
Interestingly enough, among the horses, you could often find mischief that broke the fence using the chest and even open the latch with the muzzle. And take away the whole herd to the oats field. Unfortunately, some cows also trained themselves in such vile skills, which often caused comic and tragic stories.
The accusation of intentional damage by cattle did not bode well.
The forest fence was attractive because of plenty of raspberry, currant and gooseberries bushes. It would not let to get lost in the woods and starve. (Even from the fields in dark autumn evenings, when nothing is visible, people returned home by touch on the garden fences.) A nearby pasture after distant meadows seemed quite familiar, homely. Trails and entire roads trampled down by the cattle in the most impenetrable places always took people to the gates in the run - a relatively narrow strip between two fences, leading through the fields to the village.
A shepherd's shed (a forest hut in miniature), built-in each pasture, attracted the young and old. Rarely a man wouldn't drum into hanging on the pole board. The fun here is combined with a benefit - to drum and hoot in the pasture was considered almost a duty of everyone. It drove away from the wild herd beasts.